Analogy: Notes और MCQ Practice

आसान भाषा में

Analogy एक logical reasoning का प्रकार है जहाँ दो items के बीच के relationship को समझ कर नया pair बनाते हैं। जैसे A is to B वैसा ही C is to ?।

Important Rules / Formulas

• Identify the type of relationship: cause‑effect, part‑whole, degree, function, sequence, classification, etc.
• Keep the direction same: यदि A → B (A causes B) तो C → ? भी उसी direction में होना चाहिए.
• Number analogy formula: if (a is to b) as (c is to d) → d = b × (c ÷ a).
• For letter series: position value (A=1, B=2…) use simple arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).

Quick Tricks

1. ABCDE pattern – Write down the given pair (A:B) and the target pair (C:?) side by side; compare each element to spot the exact operation.
2. Eliminate by type – First decide the relationship type, then discard all options that don’t follow that pattern; reduces options quickly.

Common Mistakes

1. Direction ignore – A:B ≠ B:A; उल्टा पढ़ने से गलत answer मिल जाता है.
2. Only numeric focus – कभी‑कभी relationship semantic (like “Pen : Write”) होती है; केवल numbers पर भरोसा न करें.

1. Concept

Analogy is a reasoning type where you are asked to find a relationship between a pair of items (A : B) and then apply the same relationship to another pair (C : ?). You must identify the underlying link – it could be function, part‑whole, sequence, degree, cause‑effect, etc., and choose the option that best fits that link.

2. Important Rules / Facts

• Identify the exact relationship first – do not jump to the answer.
• Common relationship types:

1. Function – one item acts on or changes the other (e.g., Key : Lock).
2. Part‑Whole – one is a component of the other (e.g., Wheel : Car).
3. Sequence / Order – items follow a logical order (e.g., Monday : Tuesday).
4. Degree / Scale – items differ by magnitude (e.g., Warm : Hot).
5. Cause‑Effect – one causes the other (e.g., Rain : Puddle).
6. Analogy of opposites – opposite meanings (e.g., Night : Day).

• Direction matters – A : B is not the same as B : A.
• Only one relationship is usually intended; ignore superficial similarities.
• **If two options seem plausible, pick the one that matches the type of relationship, not just the content.

3. Solved Examples

Example 1

Question: Pen : Write :: Knife : ?

Options: A) Cut B) Sharp C) Blade D) Food

Solution:

1. Identify relationship: Pen is used to write. So the verb (function) is the link.
2. Apply same function to Knife: a knife is used to cut.
3. Option A matches the verb.

Answer: A) Cut

Example 2

Question: Bird : Nest :: Bee : ?

Options: A) Honey B) Hive C) Flower D) Stinger

Solution:

1. Relationship: Bird builds/lives in a nest – a home.
2. For a Bee, the home is a hive.
3. Choose the option that denotes the home.

Answer: B) Hive

Example 3

Question: Pencil : Write :: Eraser : ?

Options: A) Rub B) Delete C) Clean D) Remove

Solution:

1. Pencil produces writing; the action is write.
2. Eraser removes writing; the action is erase (or remove). Among options, the verb that directly matches the function is rub (the action performed) but the purpose is to remove.
3. The best fit is the purpose, not the physical action, so Remove.

Answer: D) Remove

Example 4

Question: Day : Night :: Summer : ?

Options: A) Winter B) Heat C) Sun D) Cold

Solution:

1. Relationship: Day is the opposite of Night.
2. Opposite of Summer is Winter.

Answer: A) Winter

Example 5

Question: Clock : Hour :: Calendar : ?

Options: A) Date B) Month C) Year D) Day

Solution:

1. A clock measures hours; a calendar measures days (the basic unit).
2. Choose the basic unit of a calendar.

Answer: D) Day

4. Shortcuts and Tricks

• Verb‑first rule: Convert the pair into a verb phrase (A → B). The verb often reveals the relationship.
• Eliminate by type: If the first pair is part‑whole, discard options that are cause‑effect, etc.
• Look for synonyms/antonyms: Opposite or similar meaning clues are common.
• Use “function” cue words: Used for, produces, creates point to functional analogies.
• Check direction: Write the relationship as “A does X to B”. Then ask “C does X to ?”.

5. Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Confusing content with relationship – picking an answer because the words look related, not because the same type of link exists.
2. Ignoring direction – treating A : B same as B : A leads to wrong answers.
3. Over‑thinking – sometimes the simplest verb (write, cut, eat) is the correct link.
4. Choosing based on familiarity – avoid picking the most familiar word if it doesn’t fit the identified pattern.
5. Missing the “only one relationship” rule – if two links seem possible, re‑examine the first pair to see which link is stronger.